CODE NOIR
El Code Noir (pronunciación en francés: /kɔd nwaʁ/, Código Negro) fue un decreto aprobado originalmente por el rey de Francia, Luis XIV, en 1685. Definía las condiciones de esclavitud en el imperio colonial francés, restringía las actividades de los negros libres, prohibía el ejercicio de cualquier religión que no fuese el catolicismo romano, y ordenaba la salida de todos los judíos en las colonias francesas.
El Code Noir gobernó a muchos negros en una esclavitud a menudo dura, pero no alivió la brutalidad de esta en muchas áreas bajo el control francés. En algunas áreas resultó en un mayor porcentaje de negros como personas libres que en el sistema británico (13.2% en Louisiana comparado con 0.8% en Mississippi1). Los liberados fueron puestos bajo restricciones, pero en promedio estaban excepcionalmente alfabetizados, y un número significativo de ellos poseía negocios, propiedades e incluso esclavos.
Ha sido descrito por Tyler Stovall como "uno de los documentos oficiales más extensos sobre raza, esclavitud y libertad jamás elaborado en Europa".
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The Code Noir (French pronunciation: [kɔd nwaʁ], Black Code) was a decree originally passed by France's King Louis XIV in 1685. The Code Noir defined the conditions of slavery in the French colonial empire, restricted the activities of free Negroes, forbade the exercise of any religion other than Roman Catholicism, and ordered all Jews out of France's colonies.
The Code Noir governed many blacks in an often harsh slavery, but did not relieve the brutality of that slavery in many areas under French control. In some areas it resulted in a higher percentage of blacks being free people of colour than in the British system (13.2% in Louisiana compared to 0.8% in Mississippi. Those freed were placed under restrictions by the Code Noir but on average they were exceptionally literate, with a significant number of them owning businesses, properties and even slaves.
The code has been described by Tyler Stovall as "one of the most extensive official documents on race, slavery, and freedom ever drawn up in Europe".
Louisiana Acadian (Cajuns) Homes
The Acadians (French: Acadiens, IPA: [akadjɛ̃]) are the descendants of the seventeenth-century French colonists who settled in Acadia (located in the Canadian Maritime provinces — Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and in the US state of Maine). The settlers whose descendants became Acadians did not all come from the same region in France.
In the Great Expulsion of 1755-1763, mostly during the Seven Years' War, British colonial officers and New England legislators and militia deported more than 14,000 Acadians from the maritime region in what could be called an ethnic cleansing . Approximately one third perished. Gradually, some managed to make their way to Louisiana, creating the Cajun population and culture after mixing with others
When the Acadians first arrrived in Louisiana, some put up quick, temporary shelters made of wood and palmetto leaves. The Native Americans had been building such dwellings for years. Built upon a pole frame, palmettos would be uses on the roof (as was straw in France and Acadia). Many also used palmetto for walls until wood could be cut.
When they had the time to build a more substantial structure, they often built homes by putting wood vertically into the ground for walls. These 2nd generation Acadian homes (1766-1827) were either poteaux en terre (post in ground) or planche debout (upright planks). The easiest of the two, poteaux en terre, was to cut logs, strip off the bark, and place it in a hole in the ground. The gaps between the logs would be filled with a mud and straw/moss mixture (bousillage). If they had the time and manpower, they might cut planks from the logs and place the planks vertically in the ground (planche debout) to make the walls (again, filling the gaps with bousillage). Roofs were covered with shingles or wood. These homes were built directly on the ground.
The Acadians soon learned that to build a wooden home on the ground was not the way to go. The occasional flooding and insect damage was terrible to these kinds of homes. Upon arriving in Louisiana, they noted that Creole homes were often built off the ground. This kept the home from water & insects and helped provide better ventilation. The 3rd generation Acadian home (1790-1850) was built on pillars of wood or brick. It was small, averaging about fifteen by twenty-five feet in size. Many had galleries in front. The chimney - made of bousillage at first, later of brick - was on one end of a one-room home. Two-room homes often had the chimney in-between the rooms.
The 4th generation Acadian home (1790-1920) was often larger that previous versions. By the mid-1800s, it was the common type of Acadian house. It has a gallery (porche on the front (and sometimes the back). This served two purposes. It gave them a place to sit to cool off and to socialize. It also allowed for a taller roof to provide room for storage and sleeping quarters. There were stairs to the atttic, usually located on the inside of homes in east Acadiana and outside the homes in west Acadiana. The upstairs sleeping area for the boys was called the garçonniere. The roof was covered with wood shingles at the beginning of this time period, but these were often replaced by corrugated tin roofing later in the 1800s. As the family grew, a separate but connected building was often built to the rear for kitchenspace or a bedroom. The windows had no glass, but were covered by wooden shutters. Some had two rooms side-by-side, with a front door opening up to each. One room was the common family room and kitchen, while the other room was a bedroom for the parents and daughters. As some Acadian families grew in size and wealth, larger homes with multiple rooms would be built.
As the 20th century progressed, most Cajuns began occupying contemporary housing styles, though some still have similar features to the old Acadian homes. Though there are a few 18th century Acadian homes scattered around south Louisiana, they are disappearing. This video of still pics represents only a portion of the snapshots I have collected of old Cajun homes. If you have old pics your are willing to share, please email them to rdezo@aol.com
Thanks, Richard DesHotels
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Two Step De Mama
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L'arbre Est Dans Ces Feuilles
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L'arbre Est Dans Ces Feuilles
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Je Charche Tout Partout
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Je Charche Tout Partout
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Como habréis podido ver en Louisiana se regía por el Code Noir ,un conjunto de normas redactadas por el rey Luis XIV con la intención de ejercer el control sobre los esclavos de las colonias francesas. Estas leyes fueron un poco mas laxas que las existentes en el resto de estados esclavistas. El Code Noir, entre otras concesiones , permitía a los esclavos casarse entre ellosy, en caso de tener hijos, no se los podia vender por separado, e incluso los domingos podian gozar de un momento todos juntos sin trabajar. En New Orleans en ese momento ñp aprovechaban para reunirse en Congo Square y practicar algunos de sus ritos y costumbres, la mayoria relacionados con su tradición musical , muy dominada por la percusión y los ritmos sincopados. Esas celebraciones Musicales son las que muchos historiadores y musicólogos consideran como la esencia y la semilla de la que hoy en dia conocemos como música afroamericana
Andreu Cunill Clares , en su libro Las Maravillosas Aventuras de la Sra .Jazz y el Sr. Blues , con ilustraciones de Tim Sanders 66rpm Ediciones. Cuya portada podéis ver :
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